PhD Oral Exam - Masoumeh Zaare, Education

When studying for a doctoral degree (PhD), candidates submit a thesis that provides a critical review of the current state of knowledge of the thesis subject as well as the student’s own contributions to the subject. The distinguishing criterion of doctoral graduate research is a significant and original contribution to knowledge.

Once accepted, the candidate presents the thesis orally. This oral exam is open to the public.

Abstract

Despite the potential of hybrid Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to enhance accessibility and engagement in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education, few studies have specifically investigated its effectiveness in promoting Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) for marginalized students. This phenomenological study explores how its blended learning format shapes the experiences and perceptions of both underrepresented minority students and their instructors.

Grounded in critical digital pedagogy, the study examined 40 semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions with 29 STEM students and 11 STEM instructors at a large Canadian university. On the one hand, there is the increased flexibility that goes along with hybrid PBL in so many ways; on the other, there is another digital divide that limits full participation from students of lower socioeconomic backgrounds cohesively. These barriers make them entirely dependent on school resources, while others struggle to keep up with coursework.

The critical but complex role of the teacher in creating an inclusive atmosphere in hybrid PBL is also pointed out in the research. On one hand, the teachers are valued as “Cultural Guide” responsible for breaking biases and facilitating inclusion for diverse learners, but on the other hand, the integration of technology adds many layers of complexity to EDI. Technology acts as a “double-edged sword”: both empowerment and marginalization of students entrench socio-economic polarities.

Further on the complexity, the socioeconomic inequalities persist in hybrid PBL and influence the problem-solving approaches of students, the access to resources, and even their sense of belonging. What the difference shows is that instructors really have to be aware of these socioeconomic factors as they design PBL activities and work in groups.

The study also shows that, even in the context of hybrid PBL, the gender stereotype persists: female students report that they are being pushed to non-technical roles and experiencing microaggressions. While students enjoy hybrid learning for its flexibility and accessibility, especially those with very diverse commitments, the level of digital literacy among both instructors and students is still very important to fully maximize its potential and avoid creating a situation of digital exclusion.

These findings therefore suggest that while hybrid PBL has the potential to advance EDI within STEM education, its success involves a holistic approach that includes several key factors, from digital equity and culturally responsive training of instructors to support of individual students and critical consideration of technology use as part of power dynamics. The recent pandemic has further shown its applicability beyond emergency remote teaching, indicating that PBL could still remain a useful method in physical classrooms post-pandemic. By recognizing the interplay among pedagogy, technology, instructor awareness, and socioeconomic dynamics, educators can take meaningful steps toward fostering inclusive and equitable learning opportunities in STEM for all students.